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The concept of the T-12 consisted of a synthesis of the experience gained during the design and mass production of the T-18, and the idea of a multi-tier deployment of weapons, which was consistently tested by American engineers in the design of prototypes of a medium tank. The T-12 had a simple hull structure between two tracks with small-bogie suspension.

It had a eight-sided turret with a rounded commanders cupola and a crew of four. It weighed 19 tons, was 7.5m long, 3m wide, and 2.8m high. It was armed with a typical Model 32 45mm gun, with space for 1000 rounds, and it even had three 7.62mm DT machine guns in a Fedorov-Ivanov ball mountone in the commanders cupola, one next to the main gun, and one on the side of the tanks turret. Like all Soviet tanks of that time, the T-12 had a removabletail, which increases the length of the hull 690mm, and gave the opportunity to overcome the trenches up to a width of 2.65 meters.